Hidden Valley Processes

1. Particle content and properties
2. Production processes
3. Timelike showers
4. Hadronization
5. Event information

Particle content and properties

mode  HiddenValley:Ngauge   (default = 3; minimum = 1)
is U(1) for Ngauge = 1, is SU(N) if Ngauge > 1. Note that pair production cross sections contains a factor of Ngauge for new particles in the fundamental representation of this group.

A minimal HV particle content has been introduced. Firstly, there is a set of 12 particles that mirrors the Standard Model flavour structure, and is charged under both the SM and the HV symmetry groups. Each new particle couples flavour-diagonally to a corresponding SM state, and has the same SM charge and colour, but in addition is in the fundamental representation of the HV colour, as follows:
Dv, identity 4900001, partner to the normal d quark;
Uv, identity 4900002, partner to the normal u quark;
Sv, identity 4900003, partner to the normal s quark;
Cv, identity 4900004, partner to the normal c quark;
Bv, identity 4900005, partner to the normal b quark;
Tv, identity 4900006, partner to the normal t quark;
Ev, identity 4900011, partner to the normal e lepton;
nuEv, identity 4900012, partner to the normal nue neutrino;
MUv, identity 4900013, partner to the normal mu lepton;
nuMUv, identity 4900014, partner to the normal numu neutrino;
TAUv, identity 4900015, partner to the normal tau lepton;
nuTAUv, identity 4900016, partner to the normal nutau neutrino.
Collectively we will refer to these states as Fv; note, however, that they need not be fermions themselves.

In addition the model contains the HV gauge particle, either a HV-gluon or a HV-photon, but not both; see Ngauge above:
gv, identity 4900021, is the massless gauge boson of the HV SU(N) group;
gammav, identity 4900022, is the massless gauge boson of the HV U(1) group.

Finally, for the basic HV scenario, there is a new massive particle with only HV charge sitting in the fundamental representation of the HV gauge group:
qv, identity 4900101.
Optionally up to eight different such flavours can be allowed in the hidden sector, identities 4900101 - 4900108. The actual number used is set by HiddenValley:nFlav, see further below.

Currently there are two main production scenarios implemented.

The first is for pair production of one of the states presented first above, e.g. g g → Dv Dvbar. Such a Dv can radiate gluons and photons like an SM quark, but in addition HV-gluons or HV-photons in a similar fashion. Eventually the Dv will decay like Dv → d + qv. The strength of this decay is not set as such, but is implicit in your choice of width for the Dv state. Thereafter the d and qv can radiate further within their respective sectors. The qv, gv and gammav are invisible.

The second is a variant of a Z' resonance:
Zv, identity 4900023, a boson that can couple both to pairs of Standard Model fermions and to qv qvbar pairs. Mass, total width and branching ratios can be set as convenient.
This opens up for other processes, notably l^+l^-, q qbar → Zv → qv qvbar.

Some further scenarios can easily be implemented by a brute-force addition of a new decay channel to an existing particle. An example would be a Higgs portal, where the Higgs can decay into a qv qvbar or gv gv pair.

The possibility of a leakage back from the hidden sector will be considered in the Hadronization section below. For the U(1) case the gammav normally acquires a mass and can decay back to a Standard-Model fermion pair, while the qv remains invisible. The SU(N) alternative remains unbroken, so confinement holds and the gv is massless. A string like qv - gv - ... - gv - qvbar can break by the production of new qv - qvbar pairs, which will produce qv-qvbar mesons. For this kind of scenarios it makes sense to assume that qv has spin 1/2, so that QCD provides some guidance. It is possible to build a rather sophisticated hidden sector by trivial extensions of the HV flavour content. In most contexts this would be overkill, since much of the finer details would not be observable in our sector. The default therefore is a simplified treatment.

Hidden Valley hadrons in a simple setup

In the default HV-hadron option, HiddenValley:separateFlav = off, the qv can be duplicated in up to eight copies, with identical properties except for the flavour charge. Specifically, you can set the mass of the first qv, but then that value is propagated to the other masses at initialization. These are assigned codes 4900101 - 4900108. This gives a total of 64 possible lowest-lying mesons. We also include a duplication of that, into two multiplets, corresponding to the pseudoscalar and vector mesons of QCD. These are assumed to have the same mass and other properties. Only the flavour-diagonal ones can decay back into the Standard-Model sector, however, while the rest remain in the hidden sector. It is therefore only necessary to distinguish a few states:
pivDiag, identity 4900111, a flavour-diagonal HV-meson with spin 0 that can decay back into the Standard-Model sector;
rhovDiag, identity 4900113, a flavour-diagonal HV-meson with spin 1 that can decay back into the Standard-Model sector;
pivUp, identity 4900211, an off-diagonal HV-meson with spin 0 that is stable and invisible, with an antiparticle pivDn with identity -4900211; the particle is the one where the code of the flavour is larger than that of the antiflavour;
rhovUp, identity 4900213, an off-diagonal HV-meson with spin 1 that is stable and invisible, with an antiparticle rhovDn with identity -4900213; again the particle is the one where the code of the flavour is larger than that of the antiflavour;
ggv, identity 4900991, is only rarely used, to handle cases where it is kinematically impossible to produce an HV-meson on shell, and it therefore is assumed to de-excite by the emission of invisible gv-gv v-glueball bound states.

By changing ParticleData, it is possible to allow decays also for the off-diagonal Up/Dn mesons, or make either diagonal state stable. Like for Standard Model particles, it is only necessary to set the properties of the particle (pivUp, rhovUp), and then the ones of the antiparticle (pivDn, rhovDn) are mirrored as appropriate. That is, masses and most other properties are set the same, while decay channels are inverted.

Baryon production is more tricky than meson production, since it depends strongly on the choice of the SU(N) gauge group, and since it is not so well understood even in our sector. For SU(2), where the baryon would consist of two quarks, baryons could be as common as mesons. No realistic detailed scenario exists for such a setup. In SU(3) we could guess that baryons give of the order a 10% correction to the particle production rates, like in our sector, and that could be relevant for some phenomenology. For SU(4) and higher, where more quarks are needed to form a baryon, one would expect a production rate too small to be of any relevance. The current handling therefore aims at SU(3) applications. (But if you imagine a low production rate of triquarks, with net anticolour, then the program will run also for SU(4).) Again, in the spirit of simplicity, one baryon is introduced in the default scenario:
Deltav, identity 4901114, an HV-baryon, assumed to be stable. Normally one would expect a spin 1/2 baryon to be the lightest, but spin 3/2 here goes together with bookkeeping as if there is only one flavour. Mass and decay properties can anyway be selected independent of the spin displayed.

Hidden Valley hadrons in an extended setup

The non-default and more detailed handling of HV-hadrons is switched on with HiddenValley:separateFlav = on. In it, each of the quark and meson flavours are shown explicitly. The quark names are qvi, with i an integer in the range between 1 and the number of flavours. Similarly, meson names are pivij and rhovij, where i = j are the flavour-diagonal mesons, else i > j, with j representing the antiquark. The identity codes then are 4900ij1 for pseudoscalars and 4900ij3 for vectors. An antimeson comes with an overall negative sign, and here i gives the antiquark.

You are now free to set masses separately for each quark and meson. So as not have to code up the hadronization for alternative mass orderings, it is assumed that the quarks are ordered in terms of an increasing mass, and specifically that the first quark, 4900101, is the lightest one. You are allowed to have some mass-degenerate states, of course, and then the ordering between them is irrelevant. As a consequence of the quark mass ordering, it is also assumed that the lightest hadron is the one with lowest code, 4900111.

The data tables by default contain identical properties for all diagonal mesons in a multiplet. Currently there is no explicit implementation of mixing between them, but the last pseudoscalar meson can be made to represent a flavour singlet state eta_1, optionally with a reduced production rate. The name remains of the pivii type, whatever implicit association you make for this state. More generally, it is possible to have both mass-degenerate and non-degenerate scenarios, where in either it is useful to be able to set properties of some mesons separately. All nondiagonal mesons of a multiplet are also assumed to be identical and stable by default, although this can be modified as desired. While the separateFlav = on option gives more freedom, it also comes with the need for a more detailed setup, with up to 72 different meson states that can be given individual properties. (With 8 flavours each multiplet has 8 diagonal mesons and 28 off-diagonal mesons. The 28 off-diagonal antimesons have properties that follow from the respective meson ones.)

A corresponding HV-baryon setup for SU(3) would require up to 168 spin 1/2 and 120 spin 3/2 states to be specified. As of now, this appears to be vast overkill, in particular since these states likely are stable. Therefore the separateFlav = on option only extends the default model from one to at most eight different HV-states, with names Deltavi, and identities 490i114. That is, we assume there is only one kind of diquark being produced, 4901103, at a rate that is the sum of all actual diquarks, but represented by the lightest of all these diquarks, since this is the one most frequently produced. The use of code 11 should not be taken literally; the 4901114 state is not assumed to be produced with any different properties than the other seven states just because of a seeming identity of all three HV-quarks (as would have been the case in a picture with complete baryon multiplets).

Some final notes on the separateFlav = on option. Firstly, the code is not adapted to allow widely different mass scales in the hadronization stage proper, but assume not much worse than the Standard Model u/d/s sector. Further states like c/b could be produced in the hard process but not during hadronization, making use of the probFlav numbers described later. Secondly, the Zv by default is set up to couple equally to all existing HV-quark states, and also couples to all Standard Model particles, while the Fv states are set up to couple only to the first HV-quark flavour. You should remember to adjust decay modes and branching ratios also for these particles in scenarios where the HV-quarks are different.

Further particle properties

Only the spin of the HV-gluon or HV-photon is determined unambiguously to be unity, for the others you can make your choice. The emphasis on the choice of spinFv, with spinqv as derived from that, comes from the originally studied scenarios in [Car10]. In scenarios where a Zv is the main production mechanism for qv you must still remember to set spinFv even if no Fv are to be produced. Notably, HV-hadron multiplets have been defined assuming that qv is spin 1/2, which is also the default setup.

mode  HiddenValley:spinFv   (default = 0; minimum = 0; maximum = 2)
The spin of the HV partners of the SM fermions, e.g. Dv, Uv, Ev and nuEv.
option 0 : spin 0.
option 1 : spin 1/2.
option 2 : spin 1.

mode  HiddenValley:spinqv   (default = 0; minimum = 0; maximum = 1)
The spin of qv when the Fv (the HV partners of the SM fermions) have spin 1/2. (While, if they have spin 0 or 1, the qv spin is fixed at 1/2.)
option 0 : spin 0.
option 1 : spin 1.

parm  HiddenValley:kappa   (default = 1.)
If the Fv have spin 1 then their production cross section depends on the presence of anomalous magnetic dipole moment, i.e. of a kappa different from unity. For other spins this parameter is not used.

flag  HiddenValley:doKinMix   (default = off)
allow kinematic mixing or not.

parm  HiddenValley:kinMix   (default = 1.)
strength of kinetic mixing.

You should set the Fv/Zv and qv masses appropriately, with the latter smaller than the former two (where relevant) to allow decays. When U(1) hadronization is switched on, you need to set the gammav mass and decay modes. In this case the qv mass is a physical one, since there is no confinement.

For SU(N) hadronization instead we need to operate with qv constituent masses, and relate these to the HV-meson masses. The simplest relation is that
m_ij = m_i + m_j + K * <sigma_i * sigma_j> / (m_i * m_j)
where m_i, m_j are the constituent quark masses and m_ij the meson one. The <sigma_i * sigma_j> factor is the spin-spin expectation value, 1 for a vector and -3 for a pseudoscalar. Even without knowing the constant K one thus can conclude that
m_i + m_j = (3 * m_ij,vector + m_ij, pseudoscalar) / 4
which helps define the HV-quark masses. Note that some parameters, in particular HiddenValley:bmqv2, have been given default values based on a scaling related to the lightest HV-quark mass defined by the equations above. It therefore is relevant to work with consistently defined HV-quark masses. This still is based on the lightest HV-quark having a constituent mass of the order of Lambda_HV. If this is not the case then further thought will be required. The HV-baryon masses should suitably be defined as the sum of the the three constituent masses for SU(3). Furthermore decay modes also need to be set, and lifetimes if you want to have displaced vertices.

In the separateFlav = on option the number of properties to be set can be very large. Insofar as these still have a somewhat regular structure, it may be better to write suitable code to set up all the properties rather than typing in a long command file by hand.

Production processes

flag  HiddenValley:all   (default = off)
Common switch for the group of hard Hidden Valley processes, as listed separately in the following. The last process is part of another scenario and is not affected by this switch.

flag  HiddenValley:gg2DvDvbar   (default = off)
Pair production g g → Dv Dvbar. Code 4901.

flag  HiddenValley:gg2UvUvbar   (default = off)
Pair production g g → Uv Uvbar. Code 4902.

flag  HiddenValley:gg2SvSvbar   (default = off)
Pair production g g → Sv Svbar. Code 4903.

flag  HiddenValley:gg2CvCvbar   (default = off)
Pair production g g → Cv Cvbar. Code 4904.

flag  HiddenValley:gg2BvBvbar   (default = off)
Pair production g g → Bv Bvbar. Code 4905.

flag  HiddenValley:gg2TvTvbar   (default = off)
Pair production g g → Tv Tvbar. Code 4906.

flag  HiddenValley:qqbar2DvDvbar   (default = off)
Pair production q qbar → Dv Dvbar via intermediate gluon. Code 4911.

flag  HiddenValley:qqbar2UvUvbar   (default = off)
Pair production q qbar → Uv Uvbar via intermediate gluon. Code 4912.

flag  HiddenValley:qqbar2SvSvbar   (default = off)
Pair production q qbar → Sv Svbar via intermediate gluon. Code 4913.

flag  HiddenValley:qqbar2CvCvbar   (default = off)
Pair production q qbar → Cv Cvbar via intermediate gluon. Code 4914.

flag  HiddenValley:qqbar2BvBvbar   (default = off)
Pair production q qbar → Bv Bvbar via intermediate gluon. Code 4915.

flag  HiddenValley:qqbar2TvTvbar   (default = off)
Pair production q qbar → Tv Tvbar via intermediate gluon. Code 4916.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2DvDvbar   (default = off)
Pair production f fbar → Dv Dvbar via intermediate gamma*/Z^*. Code 4921.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2UvUvbar   (default = off)
Pair production f fbar → Uv Uvbar via intermediate gamma*/Z^*. Code 4922.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2SvSvbar   (default = off)
Pair production f fbar → Sv Svbar via intermediate gamma*/Z^*. Code 4923.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2CvCvbar   (default = off)
Pair production f fbar → Cv Cvbar via intermediate gamma*/Z^*. Code 4924.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2BvBvbar   (default = off)
Pair production f fbar → Bv Bvbar via intermediate gamma*/Z^*. Code 4925.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2TvTvbar   (default = off)
Pair production f fbar → Tv Tvbar via intermediate gamma*/Z^*. Code 4926.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2EvEvbar   (default = off)
Pair production f fbar → Ev Evbar via intermediate gamma*/Z^*. Code 4931.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2nuEvnuEvbar   (default = off)
Pair production f fbar → nuEv nuEvbar via intermediate gamma*/Z^*. Code 4932.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2MUvMUvbar   (default = off)
Pair production f fbar → MUv MUvbar via intermediate gamma*/Z^*. Code 4933.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2nuMUvnuMUvbar   (default = off)
Pair production f fbar → nuMUv nuMUvbar via intermediate gamma*/Z^*. Code 4934.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2TAUvTAUvbar   (default = off)
Pair production f fbar → TAUv TAUvbar via intermediate gamma*/Z^*. Code 4935.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2nuTAUvnuTAUvbar   (default = off)
Pair production f fbar → nuTAUv nuTAUvbar via intermediate gamma*/Z^*. Code 4936.

flag  HiddenValley:ffbar2Zv   (default = off)
Production f fbar → Zv where Zv is a generic resonance that couples both SM fermion pairs and a qv qvbar pair. Not part of the framework of the above processes, but as an alternative, that currently is the more popular one. Code 4941.

Timelike showers

This also includes matrix-element corrections to the first/hardest HV emission for a number of decay processes, with colour, spin and mass effects included [Nor01]. They were calculated within the context of the particle content of the MSSM, however, which does not include spin 1 particles with unit colour charge. In such cases spin 0 is assumed instead. By experience, the main effects come from mass and colour flow anyway, so this is not a bad approximation. (Furthermore the MSSM formulae allow for gamma_5 factors from wave functions or vertices; these are even less important.) There are some processes where no corrections at all are included currently, notably for gammav emission in an Qv → q + qv decay. In such cases hard emissions are likely to be overestimated, but by experience not by a big amount.

An emitted gv can branch in its turn, gv → gv + gv. This radiation may affect momenta in the visible sector by recoil effect, but this is a minor effect relative to the primary emission of the gv.

While the default model has a fixed Hidden Valley coupling alpha_HV, some further work [Scw15] has considered the impact of a running coupling. This is included as options at the one-, two- and three-loop level. Beta functions up three-loop and definitions of higher-order Lambda follow [Rit97], [Yao06] and [Pro07]. The running is handled by the AlphaSUN class, for lack of better alternatives put in the StandardModel.h and StandardModel.cc files, and are documented on the Standard-Model Parameters page.

flag  HiddenValley:FSR   (default = off)
switch on final-state shower of gv or gammav in a HV production process.

mode  HiddenValley:alphaOrder   (default = 0; minimum = 0; maximum = 3)
Order at which alpha_HV runs. This switch has no function for the U(1) case, where alpha_HV is always fixed, but only for the SU(N) ones. For a running alpha_HV it is possible either to set the alpha_HV value at a reference scale or to set a Lambda scale, see further the next four entries.
option 0 : zeroth order, i.e. alpha_HV is kept fixed at the value alphaFSR below.
option 1 : first order, with the beta function based on Ngauge and Nflav.
option 2 : second order, with the beta function based on Ngauge and Nflav.
option 3 : third order, with the beta function based on Ngauge and Nflav.

parm  HiddenValley:alphaFSR   (default = 0.1; minimum = 0.0)
The alpha_HV coupling strength of gv/gammav emissions. When HiddenValley:alphaOrder = 0, or for a U(1) scenario, this value is fixed. For an SU(N) model with alphaOrder above zero, i.e. when alpha_HV runs, it is the value at the reference scale below. It corresponds to alpha_strong of QCD or alpha_em of QED. For shower branchings such as Dv → Dv + gv the coupling is multiplied by C_F = (N^2 - 1) / (2 * N) for an SU(N) group and for gv → gv + gv by N.

parm  HiddenValley:alphaFSRrefScale   (default = 91.188; minimum = 0.0)
A reference scale, where the HiddenValley:alphaFSR value above is defined, in case of a running coupling. Default value is the Z^0 mass, by analogy with QCD, but it can be picked to whatever is convenient.

flag  HiddenValley:setLambda   (default = off)
By default an HiddenValley:alphaFSR value is defined at a reference scale, as outlined above, and then converted to a Lambda_HV scale for usage in the relevant running-coupling expressions. If setLambda is on, instead the Lambda_HV value can be set directly below.

parm  HiddenValley:Lambda   (default = 0.4; minimum = 0.01)
the Lambda_HV parameter used for the case of a running alpha_HV(Q^2) when HiddenValley:setLambda = on. This Lambda_HV is used in the respective one-, two- or three-loop alpha_HV(Q^2) expression, depending on HiddenValley:alphaOrder.

parm  HiddenValley:pTminFSR   (default = 0.44; minimum = 0.1)
lowest allowed pT of emission. Should be greater than or equal to 1.1 times Lambda, or it will be reset automatically.

Hadronization

The first possibility is relevant for the U(1) scenario. The U(1) group may be broken, so that the gammav acquires a mass. Furthermore, the gammav may have a small mixing angle with the normal photon, or with some Z' state or other mediator, and may thus decay back into Standard Model particles. The qv still escapes undetected; recall that there is no confinement in the U(1) option.

In order to enable this machinery two commands are necessary, 4900022:m0 = ... to set the gammav mass to the desired value, and 4900022:onMode = on to enable gammav decays. The default gammav decay table contains all Standard Model fermion-antifermion pairs, except top, with branching ratios in proportion to their coupling to the photon, whenever the production channel is allowed by kinematics. This table could easily be tailored to more specific models and needs. For instance, for a mass below 1 - 2 GeV, it would make sense to construct a table of exclusive hadronic decay channels rather than go the way via a hadronizing quark pair.

The gammav are expected to decay so rapidly that no secondary vertex will be detectable. However, it is possible to set 4900022:tau0 to a finite lifetime (in mm) that will be used to create separated secondary vertices.

The second, more interesting, possibility is relevant for the SU(N) scenarios. Here the gauge group remains unbroken, i.e. gv is massless, and the partons are confined. Like in QCD, the HV-partons can therefore be arranged in one single HV colour-ordered chain, with a qv in one end, a qvbar in the other, and a varying number of gv in between. Each event will only contain (at most) one such string, (i) since perturbative branchings gv → qv qvbar have been neglected, as is a reasonable approximation for QCD, and (ii) since HV colours are assigned in the N_C → infinity limit, just like in the handling of string fragmentation in QCD. The HV-string can then fragment by the nonperturbative creation of qv qvbar pairs, leading to the formation of HV-mesons along the string, each with its qv from one vertex and its qvbar from the neighbouring one.

Since, so far, we have only assumed there to be one qv species, all produced qv qvbar HV-mesons are of the same flavour-diagonal species. Such an HV-meson can decay back to the normal sector, typically by whatever mediator particle allowed production in the first place. In this framework the full energy put into the HV sector will leak back to the normal one. To allow more flexibility, a possibility of n_Flav different qv species is introduced. By default they are all assumed to have the same mass and other properties, but distinguished by some flavour-like property. Only the flavour-diagonal ones can decay, meaning that only a fraction (approximately) 1/n_Flav of the HV-energy leaks back, while the rest remains in the hidden sector. A more differential description of all the states can be set up for the HiddenValley:separateFlav = on option, as already noted.

This scenario contains more parameters than the first one, for the U(1) group. They can be subdivided into two sets. One is related to particle properties, both for qv and for the two different kinds of HV-mesons, here labeled 4900111 and 4900113 for the diagonal ones, and +-4900211 and +-4900213 for the off-diagonal ones, plus optionally an 4901114 baryon. Furthermore the hvMesonDiag decay modes need to be set up. Like with the gammav in the U(1) option, the default rhovDiag decay table is based on the branching ratios of an off-shell photon, while the ones of the pivDiag are assumed proportional to the squared mass, times a (HV-)colour factor of 3 where relevant.

The second set are fragmentation parameters that extend or replace the ones used in normal string fragmentation. Some of them are not encoded in the same way as normally, however, but rather scale as the qv mass is changed, so as to keep a sensible default behaviour. This does not mean that deviations from this set should not be explored, or that other scaling rules could be preferred within alternative scenarios. These parameters are as follows.

flag  HiddenValley:fragment   (default = off)
switch on string fragmentation of the HV partonic system. Only relevant for SU(N) scenarios.

mode  HiddenValley:nFlav   (default = 1; minimum = 1; maximum = 8)
number of different flavours assumed to exist in the hadronization description, leading to approximately 1/n_Flav of the produced HV-mesons being flavour-diagonal and capable to decay back to Standard Model particles.

flag  HiddenValley:separateFlav   (default = off)
By the choice of nFlav above, a wide set of HV-mesons are implied, and in principle all of their properties have to be set separately. For the default off option it is assumed that the dividing line goes between mesons with on- or off-diagonal flavour content. Thus only four separate mesons need be defined pivDiag, rhovDiag, pivUp/pivDn, rhovUp/rhovDn, plus optionally a Deltav baryon, which greatly simplifies the task of defining masses, decay modes, and branching ratios.

parm  HiddenValley:probDiquark   (default = 0.; minimum = 0.; maximum = 1.)
probability that the string breaks by "diquark-antidiquark" production rather than quark-antiquark one. This then leads to an adjacent baryon-antibaryon pair in the flavour chain. Currently only one kind of diquark is implemented, implying at most eight different baryons if separateFlav = on, else only one. The value should be in the ballpark of 0.1 for SU(3), but should be kept at zero for bigger gauge groups. It cannot be trusted for SU(2), so it may be better to keep it zero there as well.

pvec  HiddenValley:probFlav   (default = {1.,1.,1.,1.,1.,1.,1.,1.}; minimum = 0.; maximum = 1.)
production suppression at a string break for either of the nFlav different flavour-antiflavour possibilities that are allowed. Corresponds to the exp(-pi * m_q^2 / kappa) tunneling suppression factor used in normal string fragmentation to explain why s quarks are less frequently produced than u,d ones. When nFlav is less than 8 the trailing positions are not used, but they should still be set to ensure consistent handling.

parm  HiddenValley:probVector   (default = 0.75; minimum = 0.; maximum = 1.)
fraction of HV-mesons that are assigned spin 1 (vector), with the remainder spin 0 (pseudoscalar). Assuming the qv have spin 1/2 and the mass splitting is small, spin counting predicts that 3/4 of the mesons should have spin 1.

parm  HiddenValley:probKeepEta1   (default = 1.0; minimum = 0.; maximum = 1.)
multiplicative factor suppressing the production rate of the diagonal pseudoscalar meson with the largest code, for now assumed to be the eta_1 flavour-singlet state of the multiplet.

parm  HiddenValley:aLund   (default = 0.3; minimum = 0.0; maximum = 2.0)
The a parameter of the Lund symmetric fragmentation function. See the normal fragmentation function description for the shape of this function.

parm  HiddenValley:bmqv2   (default = 0.8; minimum = 0.2; maximum = 2.0)
The b parameter of the Lund symmetric fragmentation function, multiplied by the square of the qv mass. This scaling ensures that the fragmentation function keeps the same shape when the qv mass is changed (neglecting transverse momenta).

parm  HiddenValley:rFactqv   (default = 1.0; minimum = 0.0; maximum = 2.0)
r_qv, i.e. the Bowler correction factor to the Lund symmetric fragmentation function, which could be made weaker or stronger than its natural value.

parm  HiddenValley:sigmamqv   (default = 0.5; minimum = 0.0)
the width sigma of transverse momenta in the HV fragmentation process, normalized to the qv mass. This ensures that sigma scales proportionately to m_qv. See the normal fragmentation pT description for conventions for factors of 2.

Event information