Process Selection
There is no way PYTHIA could contain all processes of interest,
neither in terms of potential physics topics nor in terms of
high-multiplicity final states. What exists is a reasonably
complete setup of all 2 -> 1 and 2 -> 2
processes within the Standard Model, plus a few examples of
processes beyond that, again for low multiplicities. Combined with
the PYTHIA parton showers, this should be enough to get a flying
start in the study of many physics scenarios.
Other processes could be fed in via the
Les Houches Accord
or be implemented as a
Semi-Internal Process.
In the latter case the existing processes would act as obvious
templates.
By default all processes are switched off. You should switch on
those you want to simulate. This may be done at two (occasionally
three) levels, either for each individual process or for a group of
processes. That is, a process is going to be generated either if its
own flag or its group flag is on. There is no built-in construction
to switch on a group and then switch off a few of its members.
Each process is assigned an integer code. This code is not used in
the internal administration of events (so having the same code for
two completely different processes would not be a problem), but only
intended to allow a simpler user separation of different processes.
Also the process name is available, as a string.
To ease navigation, the list of processes has been split into several
separate pages, by main topic. The classification is hopefully
intuitive, but by no means unambiguous. For instance, essentially
all processes involve QCD, so the "QCD processes" are the ones that
only involve QCD. (And also that is not completely true, once one
includes all that may happen in multiple interactions.) On these
separate pages also appear the settings that are completely local
to that particular process class, but not the ones that have a
broader usage.
QCD processes fall in two main categories: soft and hard. The soft ones
contain elastic, diffractive and "minimum-bias" events, together
covering the total cross section. Hard processea are the normal
2 -> 2 ones, including charm and bottom production.
Reserved code range: 101 - 199.
Prompt-photon, gamma^*/Z^0 and W^+- production,
plus a few processes with t-channel boson exchange.
Reserved code range: 201 - 299.
Colour singlet and octet production of charmonium and bottomonium.
Reserved code range: 401 - 499 for charmonium and
501 - 599 for bottomonium.
Top production, singly or doubly.
Reserved code range: 601 - 699.
Production of hypothetical fourth-generation fermions.
Reserved code range: 801 - 899.
Higgs production, within or beyond the Standard Model.
The former part is finished, the latter under development.
Reserved code range: 901 - 999 for a Standard Model Higgs
and 1001 - 1199 for MSSM Higgses.
Production of supersymmetric particles, currently barely begun.
Reserved code range: 1001 - 2999. (Whereof 1001 - 1199
for Higgses; see above.)
New-Gauge-Boson Processes
Production of new gauge bosons such as Z' and W'.
Does not exist yet.
Reserved code range: 3001 - 3099.
Left-Right-Symmetry Processes
Production of righthanded Z_R and W_R bosons and of
doubly charged Higgses.
Does not exist yet.
Reserved code range: 3101 - 3199.
Production of a simple scalar leptoquark state.
Reserved code range: 3201 - 3299.
Compositeness Processes
Production of excited fermion states and contact-interaction modification
to interactions between fermions (excluding tecnicolor; see below).
Does not exist yet.
Reserved code range: 4001 - 4099.
Technicolor Processes
Production of technicolor particles and modifications of QCD processes
by technicolor interactions. Does not exist yet.
Reserved code range: 4101 - 4199.
A vast area, here represented by the production of a Randall-Sundrum
excited graviton state.
Reserved code range: 5001 - 5099.
Resonance Decays and Cross Sections
In addition to the switches and parameters in the process machinery
there also exists the possibility to set the allowed decay channels
of resonances, as explained in the
Particle Data Scheme description.
For instance, if you study the process q qbar -> H^0 Z^0
you could specify that the Z^0 should decay only to
lepton pairs, the H^0 only to W^+ W^-, the
W^+ only to a muon and a neutrino, while the W^-
can decay to anything. Unfortunately there are limits to the
flexibility: you cannot set a resonance to have different properties
in different places of a process, e.g. if instead
H^0 -> Z^0 Z^0 in the above process then the three
Z^0's would all obey the same rules.
The restrictions on the allowed final states of a process is directly
reflected in the cross section of it. That is, if some final states
are excluded then the cross section is reduced accordingly. Such
restrictions are built up recursively in cases of sequential decay
chains. The restrictions are also reflected in the compositions of
those events that actually do get to be generated. For instance,
the relative rates of H^0 -> W^+ W^- and
H^0 -> Z^0 Z^0 are shifted when the allowed sets of
W^+- and Z^0 decay channels are changed.
There is one important restriction, however: only those particles that
Pythia treat as resonances enjoy this property. This includes the
W^+-, gamma^*/Z^0, t/tbar, H^0 and
other heavy unstable particles in scenarios of Beyond-the-Standard-Model
physics. These particles are generated and let to decay as part of the
"process level" processing, which is where cross sections are handled.
It does not concern particle that are produced and/or decay at
later stages, such as B mesons or tau leptons, or
photons that branch as part of the shower evolution. There simply
would be no way consistently to include the proper bias that should go
with changed branching ratios. For instance, if you only are interested
in a specific tau decay channel, this tau could come
from the decay of a B meson that came from a b quark
produced in the shower evolution, g -> b bbar, and thus be
many steps removed from the hard process itself.